精彩書摘 本書是湖北省公益學術著作出版專項資金資助項目成果。 一座城市的文脈和靈魂,體現在它的歷史文化上,也是其文化自信的根基。作為生活在漢口的城市居民,自然就因為這座城市擁有源遠流長、獨具特色的歷史文化而感到自豪與榮耀。漢口鎮生髮于河口型沙洲之上,作為地理單元的「漢口地方」*早見於宋代黃干《勉齋集》中「本軍城下並漢口共三千家」的記載;清同治《漢陽縣誌》中「明洪武間,漢口亦蘆洲耳」,「嘉靖四年丈量,上岸有張天舜等房屋六百三十間」;嘉靖時漢口地方民居漸多始有街市,市鎮初具規模;萬曆二十二年前,漢口因街成鎮,漸成長江中游重要商埠,貨集四方,與河南朱仙鎮、江西景德鎮、廣東佛山鎮並稱全國四大名鎮;清《廣陽雜記》中也將漢口、北京、蘇州、佛山共稱「天下四聚」,當時河南、江西、四川、湖南、廣西、雲南等地貨物,都在漢口轉輸。隨著商業與文化交流活動的推進,漢口更為繁榮,演繹出多樣共生的地域性傳統建築文化。 1851年漢口開埠,漢口與上海、天津、廣州、青島成為中國五大商埠,外輪進入內江內河,沿漢口英租界河街出現多個洋碼頭。20世紀初京漢鐵路相繼鋪設,水陸交通趨向發達,使漢口成為聯繫國內市場與國際市場的現代都市。江輪、港輪能夠從漢口抵達荷蘭、德國、日本、美國、英國、比利時等國家,到20世紀初各國僑民紛紛來漢口開設洋行、銀行及商業代辦機構,致使西方的酒店、醫院、劇院、公寓等不同類型的建築在漢口相繼出現,呈現風格迥異、多姿多彩的局面。漢口原五國租界區成為具有鮮明特色、中西方薈聚的文化區。 目前,漢口原五國租界各類歷史建築成為武漢市重要的文化地標。儘管在城市現代化的時代背景下,這些歷史建築正面對著高樓大廈的視覺衝擊,但其特有空間形態、裝飾風格卻成為地域性特色亮點。不僅研究者們在不斷分析、擴展漢口建築研究領域,了解那個時代漢口建築工匠、材料、建築構造技術等一系列建構問題,而且熱衷漢口歷史的城市居民也自發形成特定的研究團隊,逐樓逐棟地考察、調研、挖掘這些近代建築的歷史文化奧秘與建築藝術精髓。 漢口原租界建築中裝飾圖形異彩紛呈,不僅融入了內陸的傳統風格,而且還受到西方多個國家近代裝飾風格影響,呈現出國際性、民族性、地域性的多元文化整合烙印。就技術層面而言,漢口近代建築裝飾材料普遍務實,利用地方材料表現出卓越的建造智慧,並能節約用料,講究品質。 漢口近代建築裝飾多元呈現,其風格與審美表達還包括本民族固有傳統形式與中西結合獨特形式。在原租界區,西方建築風格的巴洛克樣式、洛可可圖案、新古典主義、新藝術運動、現代裝飾藝術等充分融合,其建築裝飾特徵具有鮮明傾向,特別是在建築女兒牆、檐口、外窗、牆面、外廊、拱券、柱式、樓梯、扶手等構造中,生動呈現。從裝飾題材看,大多數為植物圖像和幾何圖像,動物和人物圖像也有發現,色彩清晰。研究這些帶有典型特徵建築裝飾圖像來源、構造方式、材料特點,以及與之對應的圖形象徵性內涵都具有現實意義。希望這本書能給武漢古舊建築保護再設計、施工、學術研究提供發掘漢口歷史建築新的視角,為漢口原租界歷史建築裝飾圖形理論研究提供明細資料,為建築裝飾風格再識別、材料技術科考提供實證內容,為中西方圖形設計在建築結構上的運用方法提供可視性參考,為科學規劃、保護、修復、合理利用歷史建築提供多維度設計思路。 The cultural context of a city, reflected in the details of historical buildings, is an important foundation for its cultural confidence As a resident who has lived in the original concession area of Hankou since childhood, I am not only passionate about this historical and cultural city from the bottom of my heart, but also proud and honored because of the unique architectural memories Hankou is locatedin the sandbar with the river mouth As a geographical unit, the 「Hankou area」 was first seen in Huang Qian』s 《Mian Zhai Collection》 of the Song Dynasty, which recorded 「there are three thousand households in the city of Hanyang and Hankou」; in the 《Hanyang County Chronicles of Tongzhi》 of the Qing Dynasty 「During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Hankou was reed area」, 「In the fourth year of Jiajing』s reign measurements, there were 630 houses of Zhang Tianshun and others on the shore」; during the Jiajing period, there were more and more local residents in Hankou and markets and towns began to take shape; before 1594, Hankou became a town due to its more streets It gradually became an important commercial port in the middle velley of the Yangtze River In the country with goods from all directions, It was one of the four famous towns along with Zhuxian Town in Henan, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, and Foshan Town in Guangdong It was also listed in 《Guangyang Miscellaneous Notes》 of the Qing Dynasty, Hankou, Beijing, Suzhou and Foshan were collectively known as the 「Four Gatherings of Chinese Nation」 At that time, products from Henan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places were transferred through Hankou With the advancement of commercial and cultural exchange activities, Hankou has become more prosperous, interpreting a diverse and symbiotic regional traditional architectural culture In 1851, Hankou openedthe port Hankou, together with Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Qingdao, became the five major commercial ports in China Foreign ships entered the inner rive